Subnet mask shows which bits of an IP address (read the article IP Addresses, by the same author) represent the network and which represent the host.

By default we have:

IP addresses - Subnet mask
Class A - 255.0.0.0
Class B - 255.255.0.0
Class C - 255.255.255.0

Example:
IP address 192.168.8.4 ( class C ). The first 24 bytes represent the network
- 192.168.8.0 - and the last 8 bits the host - 4 -.

When a host A wants to be connected to a host B, the host A uses its subnet mask to check if the host B is on the same LAN - local area network -
or on a remote network.
For this purpose it is used the boolean ANDing process.

Example:
Host A IP address ( class B ) 172.16.2.4 - Subnet mask ( class B ) 255.255.0.0
Host B IP address ( class B ) 172.16.2.5

Host A IP in binary:
10101100 00010000 00000010 00000100

Host B IP in binary:
10101100 00010000 00000010 00000101

Subnet mask in binary:
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

– ANDing process for Host A
10101100 00010000 00000010 00000100
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
—————————————–
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 Result for HOST A

– ANDing process for Host B
10101100 00010000 00000010 00000101
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
—————————————–
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 Result for HOST B

The calculation works in this way:
- 1 when the first and second bits are both 1.
- 0 when they are 0 and 1, 0 when they are 0 and 0.

Since result A = result B the two hosts are on the same network, so the communication is possible without using a gateway ( normally a router ) to
establish a connection to another network.

There are two ways to write an IP address using subnet mask:
Example:
1) 49.22.2.3 255.0.0.0 - class A IP and subnet mask
2) 192.168.1.3/24 - class C IP and subnet mask ( showing its bits )
255 in binary is 11111111 - 8 bits -.

Since in a class C subnet mask there are three 255 groups we have 24 bits.

Subnets

Sometime it is useful to divide a network in smaller networks.
Let’s suppose we want divide a network, with a class B - IP address, in 8 subnets. The class B subnet mask is 255.255.0.0

We must use some of the 16 bits of the host portion ( borrowing process )
to create the 8 subnets. Since the subnets are 8, we need 8 different combinations plus 1 ( the broadcast ): 9 in total.

In binary 9 = 1001, that is 4 bits.

Subnet mask:
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Inserting 4 bits in the third group ( the first of the host portion ):
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
the third group becomes 11110000 = 240 ( base 10 )
It means that we have a new subnet mask: 255.255.240.0

Generally speaking:
The calculation for the number of subnets is
2^x -2
where x is the bits number for the subnet mask.
( In the example above x = 4 )

The calculation for subnets addresses is
256 - s
where s is the value of the subnet mask: in the same example s = 240

The calculation for the hosts number is
2^y -2
where y is the number of the remaining bits: in the same example y = 12 because

———————-bits left (12)
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
—————– bits
—————-inserted
——————(4)

The IP addresses numbers are between the IP of the first subnet and the IP of the last subnet with the exclusion of the broadcast and network IP.
Broadcast IP have all the bits of the host portion = 1
Network IP have all the bits of the host portion = 0

Final Example:
Let’s divide a network with IP address 192.168.5.0 ( class C ) in two subnets.
The necessary combinations are 3. In binary it is 11, so we have 2 bits.
The class C subnetmask is 255.255.255.0
After the borrowing process, it’s last group becomes 11000000 which is 192 (base 10).
The new subnet mask is 255.255.255.192

Hosts number is 2^6 -2 = 62 ( y = 6 )

Subnets addresses: 256 - 192 = 64 ( s = 192 )
Then 192.168.5.64 and 192.168.5.128
It starts with 64 and goes on adding 64

IP addresses: from 192.168.5.65 to 192.168.5.126 for the first subnet.
from 192.168.5.129 to 192.168.5.190 for the second subnet
Note: the broadcast address for the first subnet is
11000000.10101000.00000101.01111111, the fourth group is 127 (base 10 ) and the broadcast address of the second subnet is
11000000.10101000.00000101.10111111, the fourth group is 191
( base 10 )

Renato Piccini - Florence - Italy
Computers Networks technician
http://www.softgrafic.com

A website’s domain name (also know as a website address or URL) is an important consideration when developing your online presence. Choosing an appropriate domain name is the first step in the process of building online credibility. Remember to choose carefully because this online address may be where your business resides for the rest of its operating life. Now, some important tips to consider before choosing your domain name:

Choosing Your Domain Extension

A domain extension or top level domain is simply the suffix of your website address: (.com, .net, .org, .ca, etc.) Most Internet users are familiar with the “.com” extension, and will generally use this extension by default when typing an address into their browser. Choosing a “.com” extension should be your fist choice in case your potential customers forget that your address is “www.mybusiness.NET”, and visit your competitor at “www.mybusiness.COM” by mistake. Choosing the “.com” extension gives your website the most credibility in the eyes of your customers.

If your business only caters to the local community, then it makes sense to get a country specific domain name, such as the “.ca” extension. A country specific domain benefits you in two ways: both your customers and search engines such as Google will know that your website is registered to a Canadian and operates in Canada. Potential customers will feel more comfortable knowing that they are dealing with a Canadian company, and not a U.S. based business pretending to be a Canadian company. Also, search engines will give your website higher placement in the search results when a user is performing a Canadian specific search.

I personally recommend that my clients, if possible, register both the “.com” AND “.ca” extension. This way, your Canadian based website will benefit from using the “.ca” extension, while at the same time ensuring that they reach your website if they accidentally type the “.com” extension into their browser.
Using Your Business Name
The first choice for any domain name would be your business’ name. This ensures that your customers will remember your website’s address. You can’t expect your potential customers to remember a phrase that just relates to your business.

Choosing Choice Keywords

Including specific keywords in your website’s address will help your rankings in popular search engines such as Google or Yahoo. It is best to choose a keyword that you think your potential customers will use to search for your business. A search engine optimization (SEO) professional such as Cost Effective Design can assist you in choosing your keyword(s). These type of domain names are used in instances where the client does not want to use the business name because it is either already registered by another company, or the company name is simply too long. Any company that is serious about generating traffic through search engines should acquire a domain name with a keyword in addition to your business name.

Don’t Confuse Your Customers

If possible, try not to use domain names that include: “2” for “To” or “4” for “For” or “u” for “You”. These may make your domain look “cool” or “hip”, but in reality they are not very practical. These domain names create a problem when directing your clients to your website verbally or over the phone. For example, if you owned www.UsedCars4U.com, every time you verbally directed someone to your website, you would have to specify that the URL uses the actual number 4, and letter U.

To Use, Or Not to Use Hyphens

Given that more and more businesses are registering domain names every day, getting the website address you want is becoming increasingly difficult. One or two word domain names are usually already registered, forcing new registrants to choose URLs containing three or four words. To some people, these URLs can look like a big mess of words. Using hyphens in between the words can make them visually more appealing. For example, “www.used-cars-for-you.com, looks better than “www.usedcarsforyou.com. The jury is still out on hyphenated domain names. The advantages are that they look better and search engines can easily distinguish the separate keywords for better search placements, but the disadvantages are that they are difficult to verbally communicate and type.
The best solution would be to register both the hyphenated, and the un-hyphenated version of the domain name to ensure that there is no confusion.

Domain Name Length

Even though you are allowed to use 67 characters for a domain name, the general rule of thumb is: shorter is better. Although, in some instances, the website address may be more memorable if it is more descriptive. For example a domain consisting of initials only, such as “www.waa.com”, may not create a lasting impression compared to the domain name “www.windsorautoassociation.com”. Therefore, it is best to choose a name that, while short, contains enough description for your customers to easily remember.

Buying an Existing Domain Name

Maybe the domain name you really want is already registered, either by a legitimate company, or by a “domain squatter” who merely registered the name to sell for a profit at a later date. You can make an offer for these types of domains, although they make cost several hundred, or even thousands of dollars. There are advantages to purchasing an existing domain name. In addition to getting the domain you want, it may also rank highly in the search engines for certain keywords and / or generate topic specific traffic that you will benefit your business.

About the Author
Paul Coulter owns and operates a full service, custom web design company in Canada. Contact Him by visiting his website at: Custom Web Design.ca

Let me tell you a true story. A friend of my who likes to collect domain names was describing a few that he had acquired. While he has a wide range of domains in various categories, these particular domains were all related to web hosting.

Some of the domain names were similar to existing web hosting company names (or derivatives of web hosting company names). Others simply had ‘hosting’, ‘host’, or a related term in the domain itself.

So my friend and I were talking and he said something like, “Yeah, it’s a shame – if only I had the time to develop some content for some of these domains then I might make some money form them”. It turns out that he had no content on any of the domains – just parked pages, or no content at all. When I investigated the domains, it turned out that there was a small but steady traffic stream that visited these domains. Some simply typed in the domain, others apparently found the domain through a search engine that had categorized the parked page.

So I suggested the following to him – why not use a service that will take the domain as is – with no content whatsoever – and suggest search options that generate revenue for each click? He took my advice, grudgingly I might add, and guess what? He made $50 the first month from just a few of his domains.

He was so excited that he asked what he might do to further increase his revenues from his domain names. I suggested that he use his parking pages (these can be customized with some hosts) to test banners from affiliate programs with the highest paying hosting companies. He placed only three banners at the top of his pages – with a brief description of the company’s product offerings taken straight from their web sites. This also proved to be a great success – and his revenue stream increased.

My friend has since invested some time and energy in monetizing his other domains. He has either pointed the domains to a pay per click search engine, or listed affiliate links on almost every domain. This has turned a lackluster domain speculation business into a profit generating pay per click and affiliate business that requires almost no effort to maintain. Needless to say, my friend has taken my out to lunch a couple of times since then.

If you have parked domains and what to try getting paid for search results on those pages, check out this service offered by Sedo (there are others out there as well):

http://www.sedo.com/services/parking.php3

Good luck in transforming your parked domains into cold, hard cash!

About The Author

Derek Vaughan has been actively marketing on the Internet since 1995. Mr. Vaughan has marketed products at the Walt Disney Company as the online marketing manager of ecommerce for ESPN.com. Mr. Vaughan is also the founder of Cheap Hosting Directory - a web hosting review site. Mr. Vaughan holds degrees from both the Indiana University and Purdue University. He has also received a Master of Business Administration degree from the Owen School at Vanderbilt University. Cheap Hosting Directory - http://www.cheaphostingdirectory.com - is a part of TechPad Agency’s network of web hosting portals.

Here are the top ten most frequently asked questions regarding on Internet domain name registration:

Q1. Which characters are allowed in Internet domain names?

A: For normal ASCII domain names, the letters a-z, the numbers 0-9, and one special character, the hyphen or dash “-”. Note that domains cannot start or end with a hyphen. For the new tested IDNs (Internationalized Domain Names), the full range of Unicode characters are available. This allows nearly all of the languages on the planet to be represented within domain names, including Thai, Arabic, Lao, Hebrew, French, German etc.

Q2. How many characters can a Internet domain name have?

A: Generic domains (gTLDs) can have 63 characters in the second level, plus the top level domain, .com, .net etc.

Q3. How long can I register a Internet domain name for?

A: In most cases, you are allowed to register a Internet domain name for period of one to ten years. Longer periods are not currently allowed by the registry.

Q4. How long do Internet domain registrations take to make & process?

A: Typically ten minutes or so. Once you have chosen the name and paid the fee, most registration systems will register your name in near real-time.

Q5. Do I “own” a domain name I register?

A: Not really, it is more like a rental agreement. But importantly, you have the exclusive right to renew the agreement with the registry at the end of the initial registration period, so effectively you can keep the name as long as you want.

Q6. Why does my Internet domain name still show as unregistered in a WHOIS tool?

A: WHOIS tools are meant to show the nameserver / contact information for domain names held by a particular ICANN registrar. They are typical not updated in real-time and thus are not good indicators of current domain registration status.

Q7. How will I know if a Internet domain registration attempt has been successful?

A: WHOIS tool takes anything up to 48 hrs to be updated so can’t be relied on. A better indicator is whether you receive a confirmation e-mail from the domain registrar. You could also try registering the name again. By doing so, the registrar will do a “live” availability check on the name, which will indicate to you whether the name has been registered or not. This is not the same as a WHOIS look-up.

Q8. How long do domain names take to be active after registration?

A: Approximately 24 - 48 hrs, though because nameservers work as a distributed network, it can take up to 72 hrs or more before your domain name is accessible to all Internet users worldwide.

Q9. Can I register a Internet domain for later use?

A: There is no problem in registering domain names first, and using them later on. In fact, it is estimated that among 80% to 90% of all domain names are “idle”.

Q10. Can I get a refund if I make a mistake & register the wrong name?

A: Nearly all domain registrars operate a strict no refund policy. This is because they are charged a non-refundable fee by the registry to perform the registration.

John Leong is the webmaster at Internet Domain Registration Guide where you will find the latest news and information on domain name registration.

With one of the fastest growing business costs being the internet, knowing how to get free domain name registration on the internet can actually go a long way in making things run a little more smoothly. Whether you have an online business or simply a website for your real-world business, your web presence is important. At the same time, you do not want to have to worry about the cost of domain registration in addition to your monthly hosting fees, web design fees, and possibly even email hosting as well. So what is the answer? Here are a few tips that can help you learn how to get free domain name registration on the internet.

Learning how to get free domain name registration on the internet is not difficult. There are really a couple of strategies you can use to avoid those extra nagging fees for your web presence. You can work through either an online registration and hosting company or a local company that will serve the same functions for you, but will do so from close by so that you have more human contact.

When working with an online domain name registration and hosting company, you can really afford to shop around and get the best deal. The best deal, in every case, should include free domain name registration. Any hosting company worth their salt on the internet will at least toss in the domain name registration for you. If they do not, you have to ask yourself what they are really doing for you. Using a company for your web hosting, email, and domain registration is how to get free domain name registration on the internet with little or no effort.

Another recommendation for how to get free domain name registration on the internet is through a local hosting company. You will be able to get the benefit of face to face work, while still using a company whose primary function for you will take place on the internet. Like the companies online, if you are going to use the company for internet hosting and email, you should ask them about getting free domain name registration on the internet. It is a saved fee for you, and compared to what they are getting, it is a small cost for the hosting company to eat. If they do not seem eager to offer to throw in the domain registration for you, then it may be time to take your business or personal internet needs elsewhere.

Though domain name registration is not a huge cost, it is a recurring annual cost. In addition, if you have a larger company or want a major web presence, you may want to register multiple domain names. Either way, knowing how to get free domain name registration on the internet can save you money. How much money you save will depend on a lot of factors, but no matter the amount, it is still money in your pocket. So insist on free domain name registration from your internet hosting company and put more money in your pocket.

Recently I wanted to see how many web sites have funny or interesting domain names. I was motivated to do this after reading
an article on CNN about milliondollarhomepage.com. What an idea,
I thought to myself. So I started searching on similar web pages.
What I found out was a whole bunch of copy cats! One such example
is youllbefamous.com. Their idea is similar to milliondollarhomepage.com; if you buy a pixel on their site, they
will put an ad for you in Usa Today newspaper and you will be
famous!

So started searching more for funny domain name sites. What I came up with is astounding.

Everyone knows about Yahoo, Google, etc. But did you know there
is site with url : http://3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592.com?
If you are wondering what it means,
they have converted the value of famous mathematical constant into a domain name! However, there is more. If you go to their site, you
can find out the value of PI to the one millionth places after the decimal.

I found sites like www.indiapakistan.com which presents countries India
and Pakistan side by side. It is a cute site with a cute domain name.

There are sites with domain names www.thankyou.com and www.thanks.com. They are cool looking shopping sites, the first one for cakes and deserts and the second one for e cards.

Some of the sites, despite their funny domain names, are quite
serious and useful. Some of these sites are http://www.happynews.com/,
http://www.realityclock.com/, http://www.blinkbits.com/ etc.

I found web sites www.sexisforfags.com and www.ironhymen.com which with their funny domain name try to teach dangers of
having sex early in life to to young kids. Very commendable effort.

There are sites like www.two.com and i-do.com which, quite arguably, chosen a very appropriate names for the kind of business they are in. The two.com site really has cool flash
intro page. Check them out!

There are sites with very nice sights and sounds, e.g www.themeatrix.com, www.dreamcar.com, etc. Visit those sites, you
will not be disappointed.

Two sites deserves special mention, www.bugmenot.com and www.nomoreaolcds.com. Both sites live upto their well
chosen domain names. Check it out and you will see why. The first
site will help you bypass the useless registration page for various web site by giving you working login ids.

There is a site called www.rotten.com which true to its domain name, has lot of disturbing pictures and (supposedly real) on its site. Surfers are, however, warned beforehand before clicking on the link.

Did you know there is one site called www.billgatesisdead.com which starts with the fake news of Bill Gates’s death? Very funny. So is www.engrish.com which lists funny english phrases from foreign countries, especially Japan.

Most of you probably know about sites like www.fool.com and www.gorillatrades.com which
deal with pretty serious business, the business of making money
from stock market. In fact if you follow their advice, you will probably make money. Good luck.

Author is a software engineer by profession and occasional writer.
He has a web site at http://www.funnydomainnames.com/ which contains growing list of such sites.

With today’s sophisticated technology people from all over the world are able to share their ideas, share their products and network with people in their particular industry. These same website owners rely on the search engines to drive people to their websites. It does not matter to the search engines whether or not you have been around for six months or ten years. The owners of these search engines create their own particular criteria.

With Google’s latest “Big Daddy” there has been more confusion and dissolution among website owners.

The following questions related to the Google and Google’s “Big Daddy” seems to pop up every time a change is made:

1) My website was on page one of Google but it’s on page two. What do I do now? It took me three years to get it.

2) My website was on page one of Google, now it’s on page seventeen. Now no one will see my website. How am I going to survive? Will I have to lay off people?”

3) How do I get my website back on page one?

4) When will Google realize they are affecting companies all over the world?

5) My website’s over two years old. How can you survive not knowing the rules?

6) Why is Google doing this?

7) Why doesn’t Google help us to understand what they are doing?

I am so happy with this new “Big Daddy”. People can finally see my website.

9) The first position website has nothing to do with the keyword search. How come Google is allowing this site?

10) How do I get Google to recognize my website?

The concerns are valid and the approach to take when Google makes a change is really a wait a see situation. It’s believed Google’s “Big Daddy” relates to new data centers they are currently working with and developing. Through these new data centers comes hope that Google will recognize the value of your website and display it for all to see.

As each day passes I believe you will see more changes to the following:

• Show Google’s cache of
• Find web pages that are similar to
• Find web pages that link to
• Find web pages from the site
• Find web pages that contain the term

You can find the above information by entering your website address into the search at google.com

Mr. Howard Keith over the past couple of years has discovered various ways to help your website get ranked.

Mr. Howard Keith has an extensive background in website marketing and promotion. Through his trial and error phase he has been able to successfully market his sites. He recently branched out into reliable online shopping and web hosting at http://www.reliable-marketing.com

Mr. Keith also oversees a Help Stop Gambling Addiction Resources To Stop Compulsive Gambling website in order to help compulsive gamblers and family and friends of gamblers move forward in order to lead a more productive life.
http://www.istoppedgambling.com/

Privacy is the control of one’s own personal information, control over what others know about one, and control over how others may use or exploit the personal information. Policies and practices for protecting privacy aim towards minimizing the collection of personally identifiable information. Therefore, the basis of privacy is anonymity, where no personally identifiable information is collected. Making compulsory, the disclosure of personally identifiable information, as under current WhoIs policies for domain registration, cause privacy to be undermined

For free speech, privacy is critical. For instance, if people are forced to disclose their identity, they are reluctant to fully express their ideas on account of fear of persecution.

The protection of anonymity further enhances the one-to-many characteristics of the Internet through which an individual’s speech can reach a global audience.

Privacy and data protection laws may apply to domain registrars’ WhoIs services and registrars’ participation in thick registry WhoIs services in various countries, particularly in the European Union’s member states.

Current ICANN regulations require that the Private contact information (WhoIs Info) of each domain registration be included in a publicly accessible Database.

The WhoIs database is the collection of information gathered by a domain name registrar from domain name registrants.

The purpose for which the WhoIs system is accessed includes:

1. To find out whether a specific domain name is unregistered and currently available
2. To identify the person or organization responsible for a domain registration or website on the Internet
3. To support technical operations of Internet Service Providers or network administrators, including assistance in tracing sources of Spam or denial of service attacks
4. To collect names and contact information for the purpose of marketing
5. To aid government law enforcement, other than intellectual property

When a WhoIs search is conducted, the information that is currently available about the domain name registrant leads to the name and address of the domain name owner.

However, when a domain name is registered, the personal contact information such as name, address, email address, and even phone number might be made freely available.

The domain registrant would not know who collected his/her WhoIs data, the reason for which the information was collected, and how the collector is likely to use the information

This implies that the private information is displayed and made available to whoever wants to see it, at any point of time.

Now it is possible to protect one’s private WhoIs information by switching the “public” domain registration to a “private” unlisted registration through a private whois service.

A private whois service protects the private information and shields against its misuse. Hence, one is protected against:
- Spam,
- Identity Theft,
- Data Mining,
- Name Hijackers,
- Etc.

It works in a similar way to having one’s phone umber “unlisted” and it prevents people from gaining access to one’s address, phone number and other such private information.

A private whois service works by:
- Protecting the private information
- Relaying important communication
- Providing greater control

Protecting the Private Information

This implies that the private contact information is not exposed and is held confidentially, and protected by the Domain Privacy Protection Service. Instead of the individual’s contact information, their contact information is displayed to provide with the highest level of protection against spammers and identity theft.

Relaying Important Communication

Without a private whois service, those involved in spamming can obtain email addresses through harvesting and then use these for sending spam mails and redistribution to marketing firms. The email addresses can stay on record with various spammers and marketing firms for several years. With a private whois service, the visible email address is constantly changing, so it will change within a specific period of time and the previous address will not work for the spammer. The Domain Privacy Protection Service secures and maintains the real email address on record so that important information regarding the domain is received.

Providing Greater Control

The individual or organization subscribing to the private whois service retains full legal ownership and control over the domain registration. It is possible to sell, renew, transfer and change settings to the domain name just the same as otherwise. The domain control panel provides real-time access to easily manage the domain name.

Copyright © Active-Domain.com’s Domain Registration (www.active-domain.com) Service. This article may be freely reprinted provided this resource box remains intact, and an active link is made to us at www.active-domain.com

There has been much debate on which factors are the most important when determining what domain to purchase. Choosing a domain name should be deeply tied to the business plan and the vision of the company. A domain can be chosen for its advantages in Search Engine placement, a company’s brand, or as a description of a general term. One must consider a domains size, pronunciation, how memorable it is, and if the name is taken in other similar forms or extensions. For example, if one registers a domain.net, but the domain.com is taken and developed, creating a brand for domain.net would be very dangerous and might end up being confused for its .com counterpart.

Search Engine Placement Domains
The purpose of these domains is to rank high in the search engines, because the actual domain name contains the keywords being searched for. Search Engine domains are very rarely brandable, and are mostly used exclusively as side Internet properties to redirect traffic to the main site. A company who sells red widgets would benefit from acquiring red-widgets.com and redwidgets.com , because it is natural that people will remember such address, but most importantly, that domain name has a high probability of ranking at, or very near to, the top of a search for ‘red widgets’. A very popular tool used to find what is being searched for on the net is: Overture Keywords (http://inventory.overture.com/d/searchinventory/suggestion/)

Brand Domains
When coming from the offline business into the online, the obvious choice for brand domains is the offline brand name as .com and/or .country extension. Country extensions are used in countries were there is more popularity in their country extension than on the .com. In the case that no previous brand existed before moving online, one most be very creative into the approach of a brandable name. At this point, there are millions of domain names registered and many times, one finds that the desired domain is taken. There is a consensus among most Internet domain experts that the shorter the domain, the better. A domain that is about 5 letters long is highly desirable for a brand. However, the domain must sound right as well. Xyqpt.com would be undesirable, because it cannot be easily said or remembered to the general public.

General Term Domains
In the height of the Internet Bubble, general term domains were the most popular choice. Many companies failed, even though they had the generic word for their market. Companies like TheKnot.com refused to purchase Weddings.com, because they were conscious that they needed to focus on brand. Although this strategy worked for TheKnot.com, generic words have a value of their own that cannot be ignored. Like Search Engine Placement Domains, which attract a large number of visitors through search engine referrals, so do generic word domains. For this reason, generic word names are still very much desired and their value continue to rise. What should be learned about the Dot Com Bubble is that generic domains are not everything in a dot com business, rather they are a valuable (yet, not essential) component in an array of variables that make an Internet business a success. The current value of these domains, and other domains in general can be seen at an online publication that covers recent domain name transactions at: Domain Journal Sales (http://www.dnjournal.com/domainsales.htm)

Rafael Sosa has been in forefront of e-business development and digitizing of documents in Puerto Rico. For the past 5 years, he has worked extensively in the construction of websites and internet systems through the integration of an efficient international team. His articles can be found at www.WebArticles.com/